As a result of trauma or endodontic treatment may occur staining of dental hard tissues. As a result of injury or vital extirpation of blood from the pulp can penetrate into dentinal tubules and decay. Hemoglobin released from red blood cells, which is deposited in the dentin in the form of decay products, having a dark color, such as iron sulfide. Staining of teeth in different shades can also occur as a result of various drugs and filling materials in endodontic treatment. To prevent staining the processing of the root canal should be thoroughly cleaned cavity.

If you have a milk tooth with extensive or multiple opening of the pulp, as well as with deep caries process of moving to the area of the pulp, the optimal way of healing is pulpotomy (vital amputation). In deciduous teeth with pulpotomy necessarily use the cofferdam.  Amputation wound covered with calcium hydroxide preparations. In the case of a suspension of calcium hydroxide, it is advisable to use the hardening agent or a calcium hydroxide cement, consisting of a mixture of zinc oxide with eugenol.

At sufficiently strong stimuli slurry reacts with inflammation, which occurs in such a way as any inflammation of the connective tissue of the human body. Characteristic features of the flow structure caused by inflammation of the pulp surrounding solid mineralize ¬ bathroom tissue. Inflammation begins with nasal vasodilatation. Result of increased circulation is red cloth. If the intensity of the influence of stimulation is not reduced, in association with increased microvascular permeability of the plasma beyond the walls of capillaries and edema of the affected area is formed tissue.

Seals of malleable gold – is a seal of gold, sealed directly to the tooth. At the same time apply the golden pins of high-grade gold (24 carats). Seal of malleable gold – a high quality seal, characterized by durability, optimum strength of the walls, marginal adaptation and poliruemostyo surface. In the mouth it is chemically neutral, biocompatible with the gum tissue, do not rust, be re-polishing and contouring through a large period of time. Seals of malleable gold shows to fill the small carious defects in the pits and fissures (I class at Blake) and cervical tooth defects (V class Blake).

The main ways to use local anesthesia in dentistry – injectable and ointment. Anesthetic agent has an impact on various systems, organs, tissues. After absorption in the tissues of anesthetic is distributed throughout the body. In dentistry, local anesthetic injected into the tissues of the maxillofacial area and the oral mucosa, in which there are significant vascular formation, located in the soft tissue and the spongy substance of bone. This can lead to high concentrations of anesthetic in the blood.

Dental caries – a disease caused by various factors, which involves the use in the treatment of various preventive measures. The purpose of primary prevention – preventing the holding of fluoride, modified diet, which prevents the emergence of foci of dental caries. Secondary prophylactic treatment is early diagnosis of existing lesions (eg, primary carious lesions diagnosed by using X-ray diffraction using a bite device). Then – in order to prevent the emergence of new lesions or further loss of hard tissue of teeth carry out the necessary therapeutic measures (remineralization, sealing the fissure).

The quality of human nutrition, quantity and frequency of meals – a decisive factor in the development of caries. Currently, reduce consumption of natural foods, the emergence of new carriers of energy, improved cooking technology have led to significant changes in the composition of food products and their quality. While the food and may affect the mineralization and structure of hard dental tissue during development, but, so far ns found the relationship between nutritional deficiencies and affected caries.

Enamel is formed from the ameloblast. In the period of development is its cyclical mineralization. Crystallization of calcium phosphate compounds in the process of mineralization and the subsequent growth of crystals is defined as prederuptivnoe maturation of enamel. Whilst retaining growth lines formed due to irregular mineralization of enamel. Each crystal has a hydrated layer of enamel, which is carried out by ion exchange. After teething porosity and heterogeneity leveled by maturing enamel.

In physical properties of the permanent filling materials can be divided into three groups: cements, materials for metal seals and polymers. Cements As a material for the permanent seals used silicate cements, silikofosfatnye and ionomer. Silicate Cements. Domestic industry produced Silitsin, Silitsin-2. Foreign analogues: Silikap, Alyumodent, Friteks. The main ingredient of the powder is silicon dioxide. Liquid silicate cement – an aqueous solution of phosphoric acid solution containing additional zinc, aluminum and magnesium phosphate.

Periodontitis – inflammatory periodontal disease. By origin distinguish infectious, traumatic and medical periodontitis. Depending on the flow of clinical periodontitis can be acute, chronic (fibrotic, granulating, granulomatous), and chronic in the acute stage.  Treatment of periodontal disease is aimed at eliminating the source of infection, prevention of sensitization of the organism, the development of inflammatory processes in the maxillofacial region, an infectious-allergic diseases of internal organs and systems.

PULP – inflammation of the pulp of the tooth. There is in most cases as a complication of tooth decay. In choosing a method of treatment is important classification of the forms of pulpitis. The most simple and suitable for clinical use is a clinical and morphological classification adopted at the Moscow Medical Dental Institute. Classification of forms of pulpitis: I. Acute pulpitis: a) focal, b) diffuse. II. Chronic pulpitis: a) fibrous, b) gangrenous, c) hypertrophic.

Hlorofillipta (Chlorophylliptum) contains a mixture of chlorophyll in the leaves of eucalyptus, has antimicrobial activity. Apply in-necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and stomatitis. Tincture of calendula (Tinctura Calendulae) is used in periodontal disease and oral mucosa as an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory drugs (1 teaspoon per glass of water for rinsing the mouth). Salvini (Salvinum) – preparation from the leaves of sage. It has astringent and anti-inflammatory properties, has antimicrobial effect on gram-positive microflora, including those resistant to antibiotics.

«Periodontal disease» – a collective term that represents a group of different etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal lesions. At present, our country is following the conventional classification of periodontal diseases: Gingivitis – inflammation of the gums caused by the impact of local and general factors and without violating the integrity of the tooth-gum attachment. Periodontitis – inflammation of periodontal tissues, characterized by progressive destruction of periodontal and bone.

For the treatment of deep caries mainly use therapeutic pads on calcium hydroxide. Materials containing Ca (OH) 2> have a pronounced antimicrobial, odontotropnym and anti-inflammatory effect. Kalmetsin – powder containing calcium hydroxide, zinc oxide, human blood plasma and sulfatsil-sodium (albutsid-sodium). Liquid part of the therapy pads, contains an aqueous solution of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. To prepare the lining of kalmetsina on a dry glass plate is applied 2-3 drops of this liquid and add it in small portions powder until smooth plastic soft mass.

For the treatment of hypersensitivity of dental hard tissues used fluoride solutions, gels, varnishes, produced by different companies. Bifluornd 12 (Bifluorid 12) – lacquer for the treatment of hyperesthesia of hard dental tissues. Contains compounds of sodium fluoride and calcium fluoride, providing a good therapeutic effect. Apply for the treatment of hypersensitivity hard tissues of teeth. Recommend a two-fold covering surface of the tooth. Flyuokal gel (Fluocal gel). It contains in its composition of sodium fluoride.

For whitening dental hard tissues with fluorosis, hypoplasia and diskoloritov different etiology (raid smoker dying resorcinol-formalin mixture, already had a root teeth, etc.) use products containing 10% and 30% carbamide peroxide. Drugs produced mainly in the form of gels. Gels, comprising 30-35% carbamide peroxide used to whiten the tooth hard tissue dental health professional ( «Quik Start» etc). Bleaching preparations containing 10% carbamide peroxide, can be used by patients themselves at home (Brite Smile, White and Brite, and others).

Fluorosis is a disease of teeth associated with an excessive flow of fluorine in its increased content in drinking water. The defeat of the hard tissue of teeth – one of the earliest signs of this disease, which manifests itself in breach of the processes of their formation and mineralization. Fluorosis occurs in children during tooth formation consume drinking water containing fluoride at concentrations exceeding 1 mg / liter. The frequency and severity of dental fluorosis depend not only on the concentration of fluoride in the water, but also on socio-hygienic living conditions, determining the nature of power, the amount of water consumption, as well as factors influencing the resistance to fluoride.

Non-carious dental hard tissue lesions occur during their formation or after the eruption. In the period of formation of dental hard tissues most frequently find hypoplasia. To defeat the teeth, emerging after the eruption, are wedge-shaped defect, erosion of enamel abrasion of dental hard tissues.  Systemic hypoplasia of tooth tissue occurs in pathology of metabolic processes in their beginnings under the influence violations of mineral and protein metabolism in the fetus or child.

Prevention of dental caries and periodontal diseases in pregnant women is twofold: to improve the dental status of women and to implement antenatal prevention of dental caries unborn child. Maternal influences on the development of teeth of the child throughout pregnancy, especially with the 6-7-th week, when starting the process of laying the teeth. Research rudiments of teeth showed that the pathological pregnancy tooth enamel mineralization of the fetus usually slows down and often stops at the initial stage of calcification.

If you want to always have healthy teeth, you should abandon the piercing tongue. UK scientists from the Academy of General Dentistry say about the danger and warned that people who wear earrings in the language, may begin to crumble and teeth develop dental disease of the nerve, as well as periodontitis. Harmless tongue piercing also can lead to deadly infections, or to the appearance of the so-called mini-language. A young woman from the UK as a result of piercing tongue around the puncture formed a small mound, which she called her «a second language».