Effect of plaque ecologyOwing to differences in local environmental conditions, the microflora of mucosal surfaces differs in composition from that of dental plaque. Similarly, the plaque microflora varies in composition at distinct anatomic sites on the tooth ¾ for example, in fissures, on approximal surfaces, and in the gingival crevice. The resident microflora of a site acts as part of the host defenses by preventing colonization by exogenous (and often pathogenic) microorganisms.

Colonization of microenvironmentsThe oral cavity consists of several major and minor compartments, each constituting a separate microenvironment not easily affected by major events in the oral cavity. Examples of major compartments are the tongue, the oral mucosa, and the tonsils. The different approximal tooth surfaces, occlusal fissures, and gingival sulci are regarded as minor compartments. A specific area that supports a bacterial flora is termed a habitat. The flora of a habitat develops through a series of stages, collectively called colonization.

Role of the Oral EnvironmentIntroductionIn certain aspects, the oral cavity may be regarded as a single microbial ecosystem. A major regulatory factor is the flow rate of saliva, which decreases to almost 0.0 mL/min during sleep, is approximately 0.4 mL/min at rest, and increases to 2.0 mL/min after stimulation. Although saliva is not a good medium for supporting the growth of many bacteria, 1.0 mL of whole saliva may contain more than 200 million microorganisms, representing more than 300 different species.

Rate of accumulation (Plaque Formation Rate Index)The quantity of plaque that forms on clean tooth surfaces during a given time represents the net result of interactions among etiologic factors, many internal and external risk indicators and risk factors, and protective factors:· The total oral bacterial population· The quality of the oral bacterial flora· The anatomy and surface morphology of the dentition· The wettability and surface tension of the tooth surfaces· The salivary secretion rate and other properties of saliva· The intake of fermentable carbohydrates· The mobility of the tongue and lips· The exposure to chewing forces and abrasion from foods· The eruption stage of the teeth· The degree of gingival inflammation and volume of gingival exudate· The individual oral hygiene habits· The use of fluorides and other preventive products, such as chemical plaque control agents This observation has been the rationale for the development of the Plaque Formation Rate Index (PFRI) by Axelsson (1989, 1991).

Measurement of plaqueAmount of accumulationSeveral indices for recording supragingival plaque have been developed. The two most frequently used are the Plaque Index (PI), developed by Silness and Loe (1964), and O’Leary’s Plaque Index (O’Leary et al, 1972).The Silness and Loe Plaque Index has a four-point scale:· Score 0 = The tooth surface is clean.· Score 1 = The tooth surface appears clean, but dental plaque can be removed from the gingival third with a sharp explorer.

According to Dawes et al (1963), dental plaque is “the soft tenacious material found on tooth surfaces which is not readily removed by rinsing with water.” It is estimated that 1 mm3 of dental plaque, weighing about 1 mg, will contain more than 200 million bacteria. Other microorganisms, such as mycoplasma, “yeasts,” and protozoa, also occur in mature plaque; sticky polysaccharides and other products form the so-called plaque matrix, which constitutes 10% to 40% by volume of the supragingival plaque.

Dental caries is an infectious, transmissible disease. As early as 1954, Orland et al demonstrated that, although germ-free animals do not develop caries, even with frequent sugar intake, all animals in the group rapidly develop carious lesions when human cariogenic bacteria (mutans streptococci) are introduced in the mouth of one animal. Specific bacteria (acidogenic and aciduric) that colonize the tooth surfaces are recognized as etiologic factors in dental caries. Frequent intake of fermentable carbohydrates, such as sugar, is regarded only as an external (environmental) modifying risk factor or prognostic risk factor.

INTRODUCTIONMOSTinjuries to the deciduous dentition take place between the ages of 1 and 5years when children are first learning to walk, and then, later, to run. climb,and play adventurously. The thinner and more elastic alveolar bone found inthese young children means that teeth are more likely to be displaced, withassociated fracture of the alveolar plate, than suffer crown or root fracture.In older children (4-6 years}, physiological resorption, which reduces the rootlength, also predisposes to displacement or avulsion.

Extra-oral examinationA general appraisal of the patient should he made andany cuts, abrasions, swelling, or bruises noted. A simple line drawing can bemade in the notes to indicate the extent of the injuries. The bony borders ofthe maxilla and mandible should be palpated, unless the extent of any oedemamakes this too uncomfortable. In addition, the tcmporo-mandibular joint shouldbe palpated during opening and closing of the mouth. Deviation on opening andclosing may indicate a fracture of the neck of the condyle on one side.

Introduction: In this study, we compared the pretreatment conditions, treatment characteristics, and orthodontic outcomes of 3 groups of subjects selected for the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) phase III clinical examination. One group was selected retrospectively by graduating residents just before their graduation. The 2 prospective groups were treated at separate institutions. The students at 1 institution were not aware that these patients would be potential ABO cases (prospective, blinded), but the students at the second institution were aware that these subjects would serve as their pool of potential patients for the ABO examination (prospective, unblinded).

Excrete following groups of dental cements: zinc phosphate (phosphate cement, visfat-cement, unifas), bactericidal (phosphate cement with silver, dioksivisfat), zinc-ksidevgenolovye cements (kariosan), silicate (silitsin, silitsin-2, alyumodent) , silikofosfatnye (silidont, laktodont, infantid) polikarboksilatnye cements, cements GLASS. Zinc phosphate cements. Produced powder and liquid in the kit. Components powder: 75-90% zinc oxide (ensuring adhesion), with the addition of silicon oxide (giving, hyaline, transparent, light), magnesium oxide (an increase of ductility and mechanical strength), calcium oxide (acceleration setting, viscosity), aluminum oxide (an increase of strength and hardness).

Dental caries Dental caries – a pathological process, which appears after the dentition, at which the demineralization and softening of dental hard tissues with the subsequent formation of a defect in the form of cavities. Caries classified: 1. Dental caries in the stage of the spot. 2. Surface caries. 3. The average caries. 4. Deep caries. Physical methods of diagnosis, treatment and prevention are applied at different stages of the caries process. When caries in the stage of applying patches reminera-ization of dental tissues using electrophoresis of calcium fluoride.

Applied in cases where the treatment of caries and its complications is not complete in one visit. Some of these materials are also used as a bandage to cover medicines and as insulating pads under permanent seal. Requirements for the materials: to be malleable, easily introduced into the cavity and the implications, do not inactivate the drug substance does not dissolve in the oral fluid, to ensure hermeticism for the requisite period (not less than 2 weeks). Zinc sulfate cements. Artificial dentin.

The final stage of treatment of dental caries and its complications is filling. Sealing – a replacement of the defect of dental hard tissues special material for the restoration of anatomic form and function of the tooth. The ideal filling material must have the following physicochemical requirements: – Do not shrink; – Provide the ideal marginal adaptation; – Have a high adhesion in a wet environment; – Have a coefficient of thermal expansion close to the coefficient of thermal expansion of the tooth; – Have a hardness close to the hardness of enamel; – Must be chemically resistant, that is not dissolve in the oral fluid;  – To resist abrasion; – Do not have the abrasive properties, that is itself does not cause abrasion of antagonist;  – Curing time should be the maximum in time to form, seal.

Localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) – an inflammatory disease that occurs in adolescents aged 10-13 years. For this form of periodontitis is characterized by intensive periodontal lesion with rapidly progressive destruction of bone tissue. High intensity of destruction at the beginning of the disease may continue to slow down or disappear. The clinical picture of localized Youth periodontitis periodontal lesions characterized mainly in the central incisors or first molars, usually located symmetrically.

Prepubertal periodontitis occurs for 2-4 year of age at the time of eruption of deciduous teeth.  There are localized and generalized its shape. When struck by a localized form of isolated teeth, and the intensity of the destruction of bone tissue is lower than in generalized form. In some cases, despite the destruction of bone tissue, visible signs of inflammation of the gums available. In generalized form of prepubertal periodontitis affected all teeth. Gingival tissue showing pronounced signs of inflammation.

Marginal periodontitis, a disease caused by exposure to bacterial plaque, inflammatory disease of all parts of the marginal periodontium (gingiva, periodontal ligament, root cement and alveolar bone) with a progressive loss of tissue restraining apparatus of the tooth. The clinical picture of marginal periodontitis, in addition to the symptoms of gingivitis, is characterized by destruction of bone tissue, the presence of abscess, displacement and mobility of teeth, as well as the emergence of periodontal pockets with loss of attachment of the epithelium.

Supernumerary teeth (giperdentiya) are found in milk and in permanent teeth, more often in males.  In dairy bite teeth are fine. Supernumerary milk tooth to erupt mainly on the front section of the upper jaw.  In the permanent dentition supernumerary largest teeth are usually smaller than normal and irregularly shaped. Often they are localized at the site location of the central incisors and molars of the upper jaw.  Supernumerary subulate tooth has a conical shape with a crown and shortened roots.

Physiological tooth wear – abrasion of dental hard tissues as a result of direct contact surfaces of antagonistic teeth or adjacent teeth. Contact the opposite surfaces of the teeth occurs when chewing and swallowing food (approximately 1500 times a day). Abrasion of the teeth – is a specific physiological form of abrasion. With this type of abrasion loss of hard tissue of teeth is negligible.  With age, the physiological effects of abrasion become more visible. Because of the physiological mobility of the teeth in the area is aproksimalnoy abrasion surfaces adjacent teeth.

The emergence and course of inflammatory periodontal diseases, primarily due to the influence of microbial dental plaque. Plaque is a soft, structured, attached to the surface of the tooth plaque, which is impossible to wash off with water. At 1 mg of plaque (the mass of the light water) contains approximately 10k bacteria. The term Materia alba (white patches) denote the deposits on the teeth and gums, which in contrast to the raid, washed with water. The white plaque represents a whitish mass of unstructured, consisting of bacteria, leukocytes, and the remnants of the epithelium.