Toothpastes need to remove the soft plaque, food debris, be pleasant to taste, have a good deodorizing and refreshing effect and have no side effects: mestnorazdrazhayuschego and allergenic.
The main components of toothpastes are abrasive, gelling and blowing agents, as well as perfumes, dyes and substances that improve the taste of toothpaste. The effectiveness of brushing your teeth depends on the abrasive component pastes, which provide cleaning and polishing action.
Abrasive substances react with inorganic tooth enamel. In this connection, along with classic abrasive compound – chemically deposited chalk, make extensive use of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, dicalcium phosphate monohydrate, anhydrous dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, calcium pyrophosphate, insoluble sodium metaphosphate, aluminum hydroxide, silicon dioxide, zirconium silicate, methyl methacrylate polymer compounds. Often used more than one abrasive substance, and a mixture of two components, such as chalk and dicalcium phosphate, chalk, and aluminum hydroxide, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate and anhydrous dicalcium phosphate, etc.
Each abrasive compound has a certain degree of dispersion, hardness, pH value, on which depend the abrasive ability and alkalinity obtained on the basis of their pastes. In developing the recipes depend on the choice of the abrasive properties of toothpastes and destination. Among the synthetic hydrocolloids are widely used cellulose derivatives, cotton or wood – sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl and methyl esters of cellulose.
Polyhydric alcohols – glycerol, polyethylene glycol – used in the toothpastes for plastic, homogeneous mass, which is easily squeezed out of tubes. These spirits help to preserve moisture in the paste during storage, increase the freezing point, increasing image stability at cleaning the teeth of foam, improve the taste of toothpaste.
From blowing agents in toothpastes using a surface-active substances, such as alizarin oil, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium salt and natriylaurilsarkozinat Taurids fatty acids. Components of toothpaste are safe, not to the mucosa of oral cavity irritant and have a high foaming capacity.
Recently found use gel toothpaste, derived from compounds of silicon oxide and having a high foaming capacity. Gel paste tasty, vary in color due to added dyes, but the cleaning ability of some of these pastes are lower than pastes containing chalk foundation or dicalcium phosphate.
Toothpastes may contain biologically active components, which makes it possible to use them as the main means of prevention of dental caries and periodontal diseases.
The most widespread medical and preventive means are ftoridsoderzhaschie toothpaste. These pastes are recommended for children and adults for the prevention of dental caries.
As protivokarioznyh additives in the composition of toothpastes injected sodium fluoride and tin, monofluorophosphate, acidified phosphate sodium fluoride, and, more recently, organic fluorine compounds (aminoftoridy).
Fluoride increases the resistance of teeth to acids, formed by microorganisms of dental plaque, strengthen enamel remineralization and inhibit the metabolism of microorganisms raid. It is established that a prerequisite for the prevention of dental caries is the presence of active (unbound) of fluoride ion.
According to WHO recommendations (1984), the optimal concentration of fluoride ion in toothpastes should be 0,1%. Efficient toothpastes contain 1 – 3 mg of fluoride per 1 g of paste.
Toothpastes for adults contain from 0,11% to 0,76% sodium fluoride or 0,38% to 1,14% sodium monofluorophosphate. As part of children's toothpaste, fluoride compounds are in smaller quantities (up to 0,023%). The combination of sodium fluoride and calcium and silicon abrasives in the composition of some toothpastes is a special system Fluoristat.
To reduce the amount of plaque and inhibiting the growth of crystals of tartar in toothpastes include ingredients such as triclosan, which has an antibacterial effect on gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and the copolymer contributing prolongated action of triclosan for 12 hours after brushing. Receipt of fluoride in tooth enamel increases its resistance to acid demineralization due to the formation of more stable to dissolution structures. Pastes containing in its composition of potassium phosphate, sodium, calcium glycerophosphate and sodium, calcium gluconate, zinc oxide, have a pronounced protivokarioznym action. Such an effect has toothpastes containing derivatives of chitin and chitosan, which have affinity to proteins and can inhibit the adsorption of Streptococcus mutans, mitis, sanguis on the surface of hydroxyapatite. Components present in some toothpastes, such as remodent 3%, calcium glycerophosphate 0,13%, synthetic hydroxyapatite (from 2% to 17%) contribute to the reduction of increased sensitivity of enamel due to the closure of ports dentinal tubules.
The use of medicinal toothpastes is a simple and affordable form of prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases. Their structure is introduced biologically active substances: enzymes, vitamins, trace minerals, salt, preservatives, medicinal herbs.
Toothpastes containing as the active component brine Pomorie estuaries, improve blood supply to the periodontal tissues, their trophism, provide preventive and curative effect.
Anti-inflammatory effect is toothpaste with the addition of drugs based on medicinal herbs: chamomile, St. John's wort, clove, yarrow, sweet marsh marigold, sage, extract of ginseng root. Toothpastes containing an extract of lavender, have a moderate bactericidal effect on streptococci and staphylococci, and pronounced effect – on fungi Candida albicans.
To speed up the regenerative processes of the mucous membrane in toothpastes introduce biologically active components – enzymes, oil solutions of vitamins A and E, karotolin.
Recently, widely used therapeutic and prophylactic toothpastes contribute to reducing bleeding gums, have a weak anesthetic, pronounced anti-inflammatory and regenerative effect. The structure of these pastes are several medicinal plants. For example, sage, peppermint, chamomile, echinacea, myrrh and Ratanov, complex blend, combining chlorophyll, vitamin E and herbal extracts.
